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• Acharius, E. (1810) Lichenographia universalis. Gottingae: A.I.F. Danckwerts.
• Boistel, A. (1986) Nouvelle Flore des Lichens. Paris: Belin.
• Dobson, F.S. (2005) Lichens. An Illustrated Guide to the British and Irish Species. Slough: Richmond Publishing.
• Hale, M.E. (1979) How to Know the Lichens. Dubuque: W.C. Brown.
• Hoffmann, G.F. (1795) Deutschlands Flora oder Botanisches Taschenbuch. Zweiter Theil. Erlangen: J.J. Palm.
• Jahns, H.M. (1980) Farne, Moose, Flechten Mittel-, Nord-, und Westeuropas München: BLV Verlagsgesellschaft.
     Traduction française, (1989) Guide des Fougères, Mousses et Lichens d'Europe. Lausanne: Delachaux et Niestlé.
• Kershaw, K.A. & Alvin, K.L. (1963) The Observer's Book of Lichens. London: Frederick Warne.
• Kirschbaum, U. & Wirth, V. (1995, 2nd edn) Flechten erkennen - Luftgüte bestimmen. Paris: Eugen Ulmer.
     Traduction française, (1997) Les Lichens bio-indicateurs. Paris: Eugen Ulmer.
• Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Tomus II. Holmiae: L. Salvii.
• Massalongo, A.B. (1852) Ricerche sull'autonomia dei licheni crostosi e materiali pella loro naturale ordinazione. Verona: A. Frizierio.
• Sérusiaux, E., Diederich, P. & Lambinon, J. (2004) Les Macrolichens de Belgique, du Luxembourg, et du Nord de la France. Luxembourg: Ferrantia 40. Travaux scientifiques du Musée national d'Histoire naturelle.
• Smith, A.L. (1921) A Handbook of the British Lichens. London: British Museum.
• Smith, C.W., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B.J., Fletcher, A., Gilbert, O.L., James, P.W., & Wolseley, P.A. (eds, 2009, 2nd edn) The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Natural History Museum Publications.
• Tiévant, P. (2001) Guide des Lichens. Lausanne: Delachaux et Niestlé.
• Van Haluwyn, C. & Asta, J. (2009) Guide des Lichens de France. Paris: Belin.
• Westring, J.P. (1795) "Forfok at af de flefta Laf-arter {Lichenes) bereda Fårgftofter, fom fåtta höga och vackra fårgor på Ylle och Silke. Femte Afdelningen. Öfver Läder-Lafvarne, Lichenes coriacei." Kungl. Svenska vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 16: 41-58.

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