Plant	Leaf
Flower	Fruit

Height: 40-120cm
Biennial/Perennial, Lacks Persistent Seed Bank
Hermaphrodite, Flowering May - June (Earliest: 6.4)

Protective Chemicals
Furanocoumarins	Methoxypsoralen
Monoterpenoids	Myrcene, Ocimene, Phellandrene, Pinene, Sabinene
Coumarins	Isoscopoletin, Scopoletin
Other Phenolics	Cresol, Eugenol
Phytoestrogens	Angeloyl Podophyllotoxin, Deoxypicropodophyllin, Deoxypodophyllotoxin, Deoxypodorhizone, Nemerosin, Picropodophyllotoxin, Sylvestrin
Polyacetylenes	Falcarindiol
Aldehydes	Benzene Acetaldehyde

Biotopes:	Meadows	Hedge Rows	Spruce Forest Edge
Flower Visitors:	Many Apidae	Several Argidae	Several Braconidae	Several Crabronidae
	Many Ichneumonidae	Many Tenthredinidae	Ancistrocerus parietum	Symmorphus bifasciatus
	Monosapyga clavicornis	Exallonyx ligatus	Trypoxylon attenuatum	Anoplius infuscatus
	Several Nymphalidae	Aporia crataegi	Callophrys rubi	Several Adelidae
	Several Geometridae	Several Tortricidae	Anthophila fabriciana	Panemeria tenebrata
	Plutella xylostella	Several Anthomyiidae	Several Bibionidae	Several Calliphoridae
	Several Chloropidae	Many Empidae	Several Fanniidae	Many Muscidae
	Several Sciaridae	Many Syrphidae	Many Tachinidae	Many Tipulidae
	Nyctia halterata	Sarcophaga carnaria	Bicellaria simplicipes	Platypalpus cursitans
	Dolichopus diadema	Dolichopus ungulatus	Chloromyia formosa	Rhagio scolopaceus
	Suillia affinis	Melanagromyza aeneoventris	Lyciella decempunctata	Scathophaga scybalaria
	Pilaria fuscipennis	Thereva plebeja	Sepsis fulgens	Heptatoma pellucens
	Many Cantharidae	Many Cerambycidae	Many Elateridae	Several Scraptiidae
	Mordella holomelaena	Propylea quatuordecimpunctata	Anthrenus verbasci	Bruchus rufimanus
	Malachius bipustulatus	Dasytes niger	Meligethes atratus	Anisoplia villosa
	Harpocera thoracica	Orthops campestris	Graphosoma lineatum	Panorpa vulgaris
	Sialis fuliginosa	Nemoura cinerea
Parasites:	Erysiphe heraclei	Ramularia anthrisci	Protomyces macrosporus	Plasmopara nivea
	Epermenia chaerophyllella	Cheilosia pagana Larva (Stem Borer)	Psila fimetaria Larva (Stem Borer)	Phytoecia cylindrica Larva (Stem Borer)
Herbivores:	Papilio machaon	Several Noctuidae	Several Tortricidae	Idaea dimidiata Larva
	Mesotype didymata	Agonopterix ciliella	Agonopterix heracliana Larva	Tenthredopsis scutellaris
	Chrysolina oricalcia	Liophloeus tessulatus	Chamaepsila rosae Larva	Monacha cantiana
Sapivores:	Several Aphididae	Orthops campestris	Graphosoma lineatum
Florivores:	Eupithecia tripunctaria	Gymnoscelis rufifasciata Larva
Granivores:	Orthops basalis

Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Skye Flora: Cow Parsley

Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008 J.K. Lindsey

Caution

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