Plant |
Leaf |
Flower |
Fruit |
|
Plant |
Leaf |
|
Flower |
Fruit |
Height: 30-100cm
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Biennial, Lacks Persistent Seed Bank
Hermaphrodite, Flowering May - August
(Earliest: 3.6)
| Biotopes: |
Spruce Forest Edge |
Hedge Rows | ||
| Flower Visitors: |
Ctenopelma rufiventre |
Tenthredo pyrenaea |
Ectemnius continuus |
Several Muscidae |
Many Syrphidae |
Several Tachinidae |
Sarcophaga carnaria |
Pollenia rudis | |
Sepsis fulgens |
Meromyza saltatrix |
Chloromyia formosa |
Pachytodes cerambyciformis | |
Stenurella melanura |
Chrysanthia geniculata | Parasites: |
Plasmopara nivea |
Erysiphe heraclei |
Epermenia chaerophyllella |
Agapanthia villosoviridescens Larva (Stem Borer) |
Phytoecia cylindrica Larva (Stem Borer) | ||||
| Herbivores: |
Several Elachistidae |
Cnephasia asseclana |
Cnephasia incertana |
Mesotype didymata |
Chrysolina oricalcia |
Liophloeus tessulatus | |||
| Sapivores: |
Several Aphididae |
Graphosoma lineatum |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2006 J.K. Lindsey
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