Biotopes: |
Wet Meadows |
Flower Visitors: |
Many Apidae |
Several Hesperiidae |
Several Lycaenidae |
Many Nymphalidae |
|
Several Pieridae |
Adscita statices |
Autographa gamma |
Anania perlucidalis |
|
Zygaena trifolii |
Many Syrphidae |
Phaonia angelicae |
Sicus ferrugineus |
|
Empis livida |
Empis tessellata |
Several Cerambycidae |
Epuraea aestiva |
|
Rhagonycha fulva |
Trichius fasciatus |
Seed Dispersal: |
Wind |
Parasites: |
Ramularia cirsii |
Golovinomyces cichoracearum |
Puccinia cnici-oleracei |
Aethes cnicana Larva (Seeds & Stem Borer) |
|
Epiblema cirsiana Larva (Root & Stem Borer) |
Scrobipalpa acuminatella Larva (Leaf Miner) |
Gortyna flavago Larva (Stem Borer) |
Several Agromyzidae |
|
Several Syrphidae Larvae (Root & Stem Borer) |
Several Tephritidae Larvae (Flower & Stem Galls) |
Agapanthia villosoviridescens Larva (Stem Borer) |
Lixus pulverulentus Larva (Stem Borer) |
|
Ceratapion carduorum Larva (Stem Borer) |
Possible Parasites: |
Protearomyia nigra Larva (Stem Borer) |
Oedemera nobilis Larva (Stem Borer) |
Herbivores: |
Vanessa cardui |
Autographa gamma |
Cassida rubiginosa |
Lixus pulverulentus |
Possible Herbivores: |
Anania perlucidalis Larva |
Udea lutealis Larva |
Agapeta hamana Larva |
Celypha lacunana |
|
Several Chrysomelidae |
Sapivores: |
Several Aphididae |
Several Miridae |
Tingis cardui |
Picromerus bidens |
|
Aphrophora alni Nymph |
Possible Sapivores: |
Several Cicadellidae |
Apolygus lucorum |
Lygus pratensis |
Palomena prasina |
|
Enoplops scapha |
Centrotus cornutus Nymph |
Florivores: |
Several Curculionidae Larvae |
Protaetia cuprea |
Possible Florivores: |
Eupithecia centaureata |
Cnephasia pasiuana |
Granivores: |
Rhopalus maculatus |
Possible Granivores: |
Eurygaster maura |
Liorhyssus hyalinus |
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey