Plant |
Leaf |
Flower |
Fruit |
|
Plant |
Leaf |
|
Flower |
Fruit |
Height: 10-120cm
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Perennial
Hermaphrodite, Flowering July - October
(Earliest: 23.5)
| Protective Chemicals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | Apigenin, Luteolin | ||||
| Biotopes: |
Heath and Moorland |
Meadows |
Spruce Forest Edge | |
| Flower Visitors: |
Several Apidae |
Aglais urticae |
Maniola jurtina |
Several Syrphidae |
Sicus ferrugineus |
Empis livida |
Saltella sphondylii |
Stenurella melanura | |
| Seed Dispersal: | Wind | |||
| Parasites: |
Golovinomyces cichoracearum |
Puccinia hieracii |
Septoria mougeotii |
Liriomyza strigata |
Phytomyza marginella |
Ensina sonchi Larva (Flower Gall) |
Cheilosia urbana Larva (Root & Stem Borer) | ||
| Possible Parasites: |
Ophiomyia pulicaria Larva (Leaf Miner) | |||
| Herbivores: |
Autographa gamma |
Noctua pronuba Larva |
Diacrisia sannio Larva | |
| Possible Herbivores: |
Several Tortricidae |
Diasemia reticularis Larva |
Hecatera bicolorata Larva |
Hellinsia didactylites Larva |
Tenthredo mioceras Larva |
Tenthredo neobesa Larva | |||
| Sapivores: |
Several Aphididae |
Aphrophora alni Nymph | ||
| Possible Sapivores: |
Several Miridae |
Aulacorthum solani | ||
| Florivores: |
Eupithecia centaureata | |||
| Possible Florivores: |
Eupithecia satyrata | |||
| Possible Granivores: |
Stictopleurus abutilon |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey
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