Plant |
Leaf |
Flower |
Fruit |
|
Plant |
Leaf |
|
Flower |
Fruit |
Height: 60-150cm
Perennial, Occasionally Stoloniferous
Hermaphrodite, Flowering July - September
(Earliest: 5.7)
| Protective Chemicals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids |
Angeloylplatynecine, Bulgarsenine, Doriasenine, Petasinine,
Retroisosenine, Senecionine, Seneciphylline | ||||
| Biotopes: |
Hedge Rows |
Spruce Forest | ||
| Flower Visitors: |
Many Apidae |
Many Nymphalidae |
Several Pieridae |
Several Noctuidae |
Anania coronata |
Udea lutealis |
Anthophila fabriciana |
Idaea subsericeata | |
Several Conopidae |
Many Syrphidae |
Empis livida |
Chlorops limbatus | |
Cynomya mortuorum |
Siphona geniculata |
Apteropeda orbiculata |
Olibrus flavicornis | |
Adelphocoris lineolatus |
Himacerus apterus | |||
| Seed Dispersal: | Wind | |||
| Parasites: |
Golovinomyces cichoracearum |
Septoria senecionis |
Several Agromyzidae |
Several Tephritidae |
Cheilosia lenis Larva (Stem Borer) |
Epiblema hepaticana Larva (Stem Borer) |
Oedemera lurida Larva (Stem Borer) | ||
| Herbivores: |
Callimorpha dominula |
Diaphora mendica |
Phycitodes maritima |
Agonopterix senecionis |
Several Tenthredinidae |
Cepaea | |||
| Possible Herbivores: |
Several Noctuidae |
Cnephasia asseclana |
Cnephasia incertana |
Anania lancealis Larva |
Mesotype didymata |
Pachyprotasis simulans Larva |
Tenthredo ferruginea Larva | ||
| Sapivores: |
Lygus pratensis |
Philaenus spumarius |
Aphis jacobaeae | |
| Possible Sapivores: |
Several Cicadellidae |
Several Miridae |
Enoplops scapha |
Carpocoris melanocerus |
| Florivores: |
Eupithecia centaureata |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey
Back to Ecology of Commanster