Tree
Bark |
Leaves |
Male Flower |
Colour Variant |
Female Flower |
Fruit |
|
Bark |
Leaves |
|
Male Flower |
Colour Variant |
|
Female Flower |
Fruit |
Height: <40 m, Age: <300 yr
Ectomycorrhizal
Lacks Persistent Seed Bank
Monoecious, Flowering April - May
(Earliest: 17.4)
| Protective Chemicals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monoterpenoids | Sabinene | ||||
| Flavonoids | Catechin, Epicatechin, Taxifolin | ||||
| Other Phenolics | Coniferin, Creosol, Isoconiferin, Syringin, Tannins | ||||
| Amino Acids | Nicotianamine | ||||
| Biotopes: |
Beech Forest |
Hedge Rows | ||
| Pollination: | Wind | |||
| Seed Dispersal: |
Garrulus glandarius | |||
| Mycorrhizae: |
Cantharellaceae |
Several Gomphaceae |
Hydnaceae |
Clavulina coralloides |
Phallus impudicus |
Tomentella atroarenicolor |
Many Boletaceae |
Paxillus involutus | |
Scleroderma areolatum |
Scleroderma citrinum |
Many Russulaceae |
Many Amanitaceae | |
Many Cortinariaceae |
Several Entolomataceae |
Several Hydnangiaceae |
Several Hygrophoraceae | |
Many Hymenogastraceae |
Many Inocybaceae |
Many Tricholomataceae | ||
| Parasites: |
Mycosphaerella fagi |
Apiognomonia errabunda |
Taphrina fagicola |
Several Hymenochaetaceae |
Several Fomitopsidaceae |
Ganodermataceae |
Several Polyporaceae |
Bjerkandera fumosa | |
Sparassis laminosa |
Meripilus giganteus |
Chondrostereum purpureum |
Pleurotus dryinus | |
Pleurotus ostreatus |
Armillaria mellea |
Armillaria ostoyae |
Mucidula mucida | |
Pholiota squarrosa |
Gymnopus fusipes |
Several Gracillariidae |
Stigmella hemargyrella | |
Stigmella tityrella |
Bucculatrix thoracella |
Incurvaria masculella Larva (Leaf Miner) |
Coleophora currucipennella Larva | |
Dyseriocrania subpurpurella Larva (Leaf Miner) |
Several Cecidomyiidae |
Byctiscus betulae Larva |
Deporaus betulae | |
Orchestes fagi |
Acalitus stenaspis |
Aceria nervisequa | ||
| Herbivores: |
Cervidae |
Many Geometridae |
Many Noctuidae |
Several Notodontidae |
Many Tortricidae |
Nola confusalis |
Pseudoips prasinana |
Aglia tau Larva | |
Nematopogon adansoniella Larva |
Carcina quercana Larva |
Diurnea fagella |
Watsonalla cultraria Larva | |
Arctornis l-nigrum Larva |
Apoda limacodes Larva |
Teleiodes flavimaculella Larva |
Several Tenthredinidae | |
Many Curculionidae |
Clytra laeviuscula |
Luperus flavipes |
Agrilus cyanescens | |
Melolontha melolontha | ||||
| Sapivores: |
Acanthosomatidae |
Several Cicadellidae |
Several Miridae |
Palomena prasina |
Pentatoma rufipes |
Cixius distinguendus |
Phyllaphis fagi |
Pulvinaria hydrangeae | |
| Xylophages: |
Several Cerambycidae Larvae |
Several Curculionidae |
Agrilus angustulus Larva (Wood Borer) |
Agrilus viridis Larva (Wood Borer) |
Chyliza leptogaster Larva | ||||
| Granivores: |
Cervidae |
Sus scrofa |
Sciurus vulgaris |
Several Muridae |
Meles meles |
Columba oenas |
Columba palumbus |
Several Paridae | |
Sitta europaea |
Garrulus glandarius |
Several Fringillidae |
Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale | |
Scolopostethus affinis |
Cydia fagiglandana Larva |
Pammene fasciana Larva | ||
| Bark Inhabitants: |
Several Lecanoraceae |
Several Parmeliaceae |
Several Physciaceae |
Candelariella reflexa |
Pertusaria albescens |
Xanthoria parietina |
Chrysothrix candelaris |
Phlyctis argena | |
Buellia griseovirens |
Ochrolechia androgyna |
Strangospora pinicola |
Enterographa hutchinsiae | |
Graphis scripta |
Cladonia digitata |
Lepraria incana |
Ramalina pollinaria | |
Ascodichaena rugosa |
Polydesmia pruinosa |
Porotheleaceae |
Mycena erubescens | |
Mycena meliigena |
Clitocybe metachroa |
Conocybe dumetorum |
Clitopilus scyphoides | |
Phaeomarasmius erinaceus |
Hohenbuehelia reniformis |
Gymnopus inodorus |
Orthotrichaceae | |
Antitrichia curtipendula |
Hypnum cupressiforme | |||
|
Nests: (Branches) |
Ciconia nigra |
Pernis apivorus |
Milvus milvus |
Falco tinnunculus |
Falco subbuteo |
Columba palumbus |
Asio otus | ||
|
Nests: (Cavity) |
Columba oenas |
Strix aluco |
Aegolius funereus | Picus canus |
Dryocopus martius |
Sturnus vulgaris | |||
| Wood Decomposers: |
Several Inocybaceae |
Several Marasmiaceae |
Many Mycenaceae |
Several Omphalotaceae |
|
Several Physalacriaceae |
Several Pluteaceae |
Many Psathyrellaceae |
Mycenella margaritispora | |
Phloeomana minutula |
Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis |
Pleurotus ostreatus |
Schizophyllum commune | |
Agrocybe firma |
Pholiota tuberculosa |
Chondrostereum purpureum |
Radulomyces confluens | |
Several Peniophoraceae |
Several Stereaceae |
Scytinostroma portentosum |
Gloeohypochnicium analogum | |
Several Auriculariaceae |
Several Dacrymycetaceae |
Several Hymenochaetaceae |
Several Schizoporaceae | |
Myxarium nucleatum |
Tremella mesenterica |
Plicaturopsis crispa |
Botryobasidium subcoronatum | |
Odonticium septocystidia |
Oxyporus latemarginatus |
Vuilleminia comedens |
Athelia salicum | |
Ceraceomyces borealis |
Several Fomitopsidaceae |
Ganodermataceae |
Several Meruliaceae | |
Several Phanerochaetaceae |
Many Polyporaceae |
Xenasmatella vaga |
Phlebiella fibrillosa | |
Xenasma pulverulentum |
Meripilus giganteus |
Several Helotiaceae |
Several Xylariaceae | |
Dasyscyphella nivea |
Bisporella citrina |
Bisporella pallescens |
Bulgaria inquinans | |
Melogramma spiniferum |
Botryosphaeria quercuum |
Diatrype disciformis |
Diatrypella favacea | |
Bispora antennata |
Peziza micropus |
Leocarpus fragilis |
Several Lonchaeidae Larvae | |
Xylota segnis Larva |
Xylota sylvarum Larva |
Xylosciara lignicola Larva |
Tipula flavolineata Larva | |
Epiphragma ocellare Larva |
Lycidae Larvae |
Trypodendron signatum |
Pyrrhidium sanguineum Larva | |
Conopalpus testaceus Larva |
Platystomos albinus Larva |
Pyrochroa coccinea Larva |
Angiosperm Generalists | |
| Leaf Decomposers: |
Several Mycenaceae |
Several Psathyrellaceae |
Several Tricholomataceae |
Marasmius cohaerens |
Marasmius wynnei |
Gymnopus fuscopurpureus |
Gymnopus hariolorum |
Flammulaster carpophilus | |
Myochromella boudieri |
Leucocybe candicans |
Coccomyces coronatus |
Paradendryphiopsis laxa | |
Rhexoampullifera fagi |
Polyscytalum fecundissimum |
Microthyrium microscopicum |
Apiognomonia errabunda | |
Hymenoscyphus phyllophilus |
Several Limoniidae Larvae |
Corynoptera forcipata Larva |
Trichocera hiemalis Larva | |
Trichocera parva Larva |
Sylvicola fenestralis Larva |
Trisateles emortualis Larva |
Angiosperm Generalists | |
| Fruit Decomposers: |
Hymenoscyphus fructigenus |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Skye Flora:
Beech
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey
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