Tree
Bark |
Leaf |
Flower |
Fruit |
|
Bark |
Leaf |
|
Flower |
Fruit |
Height: <5 m
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Persistent Seed Bank
Hermaphrodite, Flowering May - September
(Earliest: 9.5)
| Protective Chemicals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolics | Tannins | ||||
| Quinonoids | Chrysophanol, Emodin, Frangulin,
Glucofrangulin, Physcion, Rhein | ||||
| Biotopes: |
Wet Meadows |
Spruce Forest Edge | ||
| Flower Visitors: |
Bathythrix pellucidator |
Dolerus vestigialis |
Synanthedon spheciformis |
Empis aestiva |
Neoplatyura nigricauda |
Cantharis fusca | |||
| Parasites: |
Ascochyta frangulina |
Septoria frangulae |
Microsphaera divaricata |
Puccinia coronata |
Bucculatrix frangutella |
Trachys minutus |
Trioza rhamni | ||
| Herbivores: |
Gonepteryx rhamni Larva |
Callophrys rubi Larva |
Celastrina argiolus Larva |
Several Geometridae |
Several Noctuidae |
Ancylis apicella |
Ancylis obtusana Larva |
Saturnia pavonia | |
Eriocampa ovata | ||||
| Sapivores: |
Orthotylus prasinus |
Psallus perrisi |
Aphis frangulae beccabungae |
Aphis frangulae frangulae |
Empoasca vitis | ||||
| Xylophages: |
Chyliza leptogaster Larva | |||
| Florivores: |
Neolygus contaminatus | |||
| Frugivores: |
Several Miridae |
Drosophila suzukii Larva |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey
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