Plant	Leaves
Flower	Fruit

Colour Variant

Height: 100-200cm
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Perennial, Persistent Seed Bank
Hermaphrodite, Flowering June - August (Earliest: 14.5)

Protective Chemicals
Phenolics	Ellagic Acid, Tannins
Other Acids	Citric, Lactic, Malic, Oxalic, Rubinic, Rubitic

Biotopes:	Hedge Rows	Spruce Forest Edge	Gardens
Flower Visitors:	Many Apidae	Barycnemis harpura	Theroscopus esenbeckii	Dolichovespula saxonica
	Symmorphus bifasciatus	Tenthredo temula	Priocnemis gracilis	Several Nymphalidae
	Several Pieridae	Ochlodes sylvanus	Thymelicus lineola	Pyrgus malvae
	Polyommatus icarus	Anania hortulata	Anthophila fabriciana	Several Conopidae
	Many Syrphidae	Empis livida	Empis tessellata	Several Cerambycidae
	Hemicrepidius niger	Meligethes denticulatus	Byturus tomentosus	Mordella holomelaena
	Rhagonycha fulva
Parasites:	Necrosis Virus	Podosphaera aphanis	Mycosphaerella confusa	Sphaerulina westendorpii
	Elsinoë veneta	Phragmidium violaceum	Several Nepticulidae	Coleophora albicostella
	Coleophora potentillae	Coptotriche heinemanni	Incurvaria praelatella Larva (Leaf Miner)	Pennisetia hylaeiformis Larva (Stem Borer)
	Fenella nigrita	Agromyza idaeiana	Anthonomus rubi Larva (Flower Gall)	Agrilus cuprescens Larva (Stem Borer)
	Neocoenorrhinus germanicus Larva	Lasioptera rubi	Metallus pumilus
Herbivores:	Cervidae	Callophrys rubi Larva	Celastrina argiolus Larva	Brenthis daphne Larva
	Pyrgus malvae Larva	Several Drepanidae	Several Erebidae	Many Geometridae
	Several Lasiocampidae	Many Noctuidae	Many Tortricidae	Saturnia pavonia
	Diurnea fagella	Yponomeuta padella	Schreckensteinia festaliella Larva	Many Tenthredinidae
	Arge cyanocrocea Larva	Arge gracilicornis Larva	Agrilus cyanescens	Strophosoma capitatum
	Batophila
Possible Herbivores:	Angerona prunaria Larva	Idaea muricata Larva	Udea lutealis Larva	Udea prunalis
	Acleris sparsana Larva	Capua vulgana Larva	Lacanobia oleracea	Phragmatobia fuliginosa Larva
	Several Tenthredinidae	Several Curculionidae	Clytra laeviuscula
Sapivores:	Several Aphididae	Several Miridae	Empoasca vitis	Macropsis scotti
	Picromerus bidens	Piezodorus lituratus	Aphrophora alni
Possible Sapivores:	Several Miridae	Several Pentatomidae	Aphis fabae	Centrotus cornutus
	Thrips fuscipennis
Florivores:	Several Geometridae	Elaphria venustula Larva
Possible Florivores:	Meligethes denticulatus Larva
Frugivores:	Apodemus sylvaticus	Vulpes vulpes	Meles meles	Byturus tomentosus
	Otiorhynchus singularis	Pararge aegeria	Dolycoris baccarum	Closterotomus fulvomaculatus
	Drosophila suzukii Larva
Possible Frugivores:	Closterotomus biclavatus	Liorhyssus hyalinus
Granivores:	Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Nests:	Anas platyrhynchos	Troglodytes troglodytes	Many Sylviidae	Lanius collurio
	Emberiza citrinella	Several Crabronidae	Several Vespidae	Hoplitis claviventris
	Hylaeus
Decomposers:	Roridomyces roridus	Marasmiellus ramealis	Anthostomella appendiculosa	Botrytis cinerea
	Herminia tarsicrinalis Larva	Angiosperm Generalists

Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Skye Flora: Bramble

Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007 J.K. Lindsey

Caution

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