Plant |
Leaves |
Flower |
Fruit |
|
Plant |
Leaves |
|
Flower |
Fruit |
Height: 40-120cm
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Biennial, Persistent Seed Bank
Hermaphrodite, Flowering July - August
(Earliest: 25.6)
| Protective Chemicals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | Apigenin, Genkwanin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Scutellarin | ||||
| Other Phenolics | Caffeic, Coumaric, Ferulic, Hydroxybenzoic, Protocatechuic, & Vanillic Acids | ||||
| Sterols | Brassicasterol, Campesterol, Sitosterol, Stigmasterol | ||||
| Biotopes: |
Meadows | |||
| Flower Visitors: |
Many Apidae |
Several Nymphalidae |
Gonepteryx rhamni |
Pieris brassicae |
Thymelicus sylvestris |
Autographa gamma |
Several Syrphidae |
Paracorymbia maculicornis | |
Adelphocoris lineolatus |
Closterotomus norwegicus |
Chrysoperla carnea | ||
| Seed Dispersal: | Wind | |||
| Parasites: |
Golovinomyces cichoracearum |
Puccinia cnici |
Puccinia cnici-oleracei |
Aethes cnicana Larva (Seeds & Stem Borer) |
Scrobipalpa acuminatella Larva |
Agonopterix subpropinquella Larva (Leaf Miner) |
Several Agromyzidae |
Several Tephritidae Larvae (Flower & Stem Galls) | |
Cheilosia grossa Larva (Root & Stem Borer) |
Cheilosia variabilis Larva (Root & Stem Borer) |
Palloptera umbellatarum Larva (Flower Gall) |
Agapanthia villosoviridescens Larva (Stem Borer) | |
Ceratapion carduorum Larva (Stem Borer) |
Ceratapion onopordi Larva (Stem Borer) |
Lixus pulverulentus Larva (Stem Borer) | ||
| Possible Parasites: |
Protearomyia nigra Larva (Stem Borer) |
Oedemera nobilis Larva (Stem Borer) | ||
| Herbivores: |
Vanessa cardui |
Several Tortricidae |
Autographa gamma |
Diachrysia chrysitis Larva |
Epiblema scutulana Larva |
Agonopterix arenella Larva |
Ametastegia tenera |
Cassida rubiginosa | |
Neocrepidodera transversa |
Phyllobius pyri Larva |
Forficula auricularia | ||
| Possible Herbivores: |
Anania perlucidalis Larva |
Udea lutealis Larva |
Agapeta hamana Larva |
Celypha lacunana |
Several Chrysomelidae | ||||
| Sapivores: |
Several Aphididae |
Several Miridae |
Tingis cardui | |
| Possible Sapivores: |
Several Cicadellidae |
Apolygus lucorum |
Lygus pratensis |
Palomena prasina |
Enoplops scapha |
Centrotus cornutus Nymph | |||
| Florivores: |
Eupithecia satyrata |
Several Curculionidae Larvae | ||
| Possible Florivores: |
Eupithecia centaureata |
Cnephasia pasiuana | ||
| Possible Granivores: |
Eurygaster maura |
Liorhyssus hyalinus |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Skye Flora:
Spear Thistle
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey
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