Plant |
Leaf |
Flower |
Fruit |
|
Plant |
Leaf |
|
Flower |
Fruit |
Height: 20-70cm
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Perennial, Persistent Seed Bank
Hermaphrodite, Flowering July - September
(Earliest: 19.7)
| Biotopes: |
Spruce Forest Edge | ||
| Flower Visitors: |
Pieris brassicae |
Pieris napi | |
| Seed Dispersal: | Wind | ||
| Parasites: |
Neoerysiphe galeopsidis |
Chromatomyia horticola |
Apteropeda orbiculata Larva (Leaf Miner) |
| Herbivores: |
Pyrausta aurata Larva |
Longitarsus obliteratus | |
| Possible Herbivores: |
Several Crambidae |
Several Tortricidae | |
| Possible Sapivores: |
Tingis pilosa |
Evacanthus acuminatus | |
| Possible Granivores: |
Grypocoris sexguttatus |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Pictures © 2003, 2020 J.K. Lindsey
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